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5, 6 Theīiodiesel production is via the transesterification of the oil sourcingįrom algae, jatropha seeds, and waste cooking oil (WCO) over alkalineĬatalysts nevertheless, a large amount of free fatty acids (FFAs)Īnd water contained in the untreated WCO brings a series of problems Recently, owing to its good combustibility, reproducibility, and eco-friendliness, 4 and it is considered to be one of the best alternativeįuel for petroleum-based diesel in the future. 2, 3 Comprisingįatty acid methyl esters (FAME), biodiesel has received great attraction Thus it is necessary and urgent to find a renewable green fuel toĪlleviate the dependence on fossil fuels. On the other hand, the excessive emission of CO 2 derivedįrom the usage of fossil fuels has been causing global warming, and In the catalyst as well as by the leaching of SO 4 2–, and thus both the calcination temperature and time should be strictlyĬontrolled to achieve a better catalyst lifetime.Īre facing the danger of exhaustion, 1 and, The catalystĭeactivation is due to contamination by the refractory organic residues The catalyst activity could be well recovered without majorĪctivity loss by the calcination at 600 ☌ for 1 h. The ultrasonic methanol washing method because of refractory organic
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The catalyst could not be well regenerated by To palmitic acid, and 4 h reaction time are economically optimal underĪtmospheric pressure. Reaction conditions of 65 ☌, 6 wt % catalyst, 25:1 of methanol Over 65 ☌ and excess methanol amount are unfavorable to theĮsterification reaction due to the low-boiling-point methanol andĪttenuation of the palmitic acid concentration. Ratio of palmitic acid to methanol, while the heating temperature Increasing catalyst loading amount, reaction temperature, and molar ZrO 2 into tetragonal one and the slow leaching of SO 4 2–. The calcination at 600 ☌ could well eliminate the water in theĬatalyst and a further higher temperature would accelerate the lossĭecreases the catalytic activity due to the transformation of monoclinic Both chelating and bridged bidentate SO 4 2– coordinate with the ZrO 2 surface. Procedure is required to transform the amorphous ZrO 2 into Properties, morphology, and deactivation mechanism. The resulting catalysts were characterized by X-rayĭiffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy,Īnd temperature-programmed oxidation (TPO) to elucidate their physicochemical Subsequently employed to catalyze the esterification of palmitic acid Via incipient wetness impregnation of (NH 4) 2SO 4 to hydrothermally synthesized ZrO 2 and Acid catalysts with various calcination times were prepared